Chemical Analysis of Water Supply

Chemical Analysis of Water Supply Introductions This EEI’s purposed is to identify and make justified conclusions to three unlabelled water supply that have been taken from different locations within the Kedron Brook area. Using several tests to find which water supply came from, measuring its pH, turbidity, conductivity and etc. There are other task such as systematic analysis (comparing and contrasting previous year student’s results) and how to make water drinkable. Water is a molecule with one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, bonded by shared electrons. Large differences in electronegativity lead the formation of permanent dipoles. This is what we call a polar molecule. In water its charged positively near the hydrogen atoms and negatively near the oxygen atom. Water molecules are naturally attracted and stick to each other because of this polarity, forming a hydrogen bond. The reason why water is called the â€Å"Universal solvent† is because it can dissolve more substances than any other chemical. This is due to its polarity of the water molecule. The two hydrogen atoms carry a positive electric charge, while the oxygen atom carries a negative electric charge. This helps the water separate the ionic compounds into their positive and negative ions. The positive portion of the compound is attracted to the oxygen ion while the negative side of the compound it attracted to the hydrogen ion. Principle The greater the forces of attraction the higher the boiling point or the greater the polarity the higher the boiling point. In the case of water, hydrogen bonding has a strong attraction. It takes a lot more kinetic energy in an increased temperature to break the hydrogen bonds to free the water molecules as the gas. This is why water has a boiling point of 212 °F (99.98 °C) it is from the result of its strong attraction. The pH (power of hydrogen) of a solution is a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution and as such is a measure of the acidity or basic of the solution. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to beacidicand solutions with a pH greater than 7 arebasicoralkaline. Water has a pH of 7 this makes it neutral. As water has a pH of 7, it can be both an acid and a base but it can be determine what it is. It can be considered an acid in somereactionsand a base in others. Water can even react with itself to form acids and bases. When molecules are put into water, sometimes they break down and release an H+ (hydrogen) ion. At other times, it releases an OH-(hydroxide) ion. When a hydrogen ion is released, the solution becomes acidic. When a hydroxide ion is released, the solution becomes basic. Those two special ions determine whether it is an acid or a base. Sample of an acid Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) into (CH3COO– + H+) The hydrogen ion separates itself from the compound. Sample of a base Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) into (Na– + OH+) The hydroxide ion separates itself from the compound. Dissolved oxygen (O2) isoxygen dissolvedinto the water. Dissolved oxygen can get into water in two ways, through atmospheric oxygen mixing into a stream in turbulent areas or by the release of oxygen from aquatic plants during photosynthesis. The solubility of oxygen is affected by temperature and the partial pressure of the water. The chances of solubility of oxygen are much greater in cold waters than in warm waters. Oxygen slips into pockets that exist in the loose hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules without forcing them apart. The oxygen is then caged by water molecules, which weakly pin it in place. Dissolved oxygen is important to aquatic life as it is the means of breathing to them. Although it could be loss resulting to the loss of aquatic life from: Temperature Turbulence Vegetation Elevation Salinity Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency due to suspended solids (like dirt). The more total suspended solids in the water, the murkier it seems and the higher the turbidity. As there are suspended particles floating it absorbs the heat from the sunlight causing reduce dissolved oxygen, reducing aquatic life. Conductivity is a measure of how capable water can pass electrical flow. It is relates to the concentration of ions in the water. These conductive ions come from dissolved salts such as alkalis, chlorides, sulfides and carbonate compounds. Salt is important as it dissolves and bonds with the ions in water easily. For the electric current to flow through water, there must be a positive and negative pole. Such as the elements H2O and NaCl bond which create a positive and negative ion. The more ion that is represent the higher the conductivity such as sea water, and water with fewer ions has less conductivity such as pure water. Unlike temperature and dissolved oxygen, small amount of nitrates usually does not have a direct effect on aquatic insects or fish. Though, excess levels of nitrates in water can create conditions that make it difficult for aquatic insects or fish to survive. Nitrates and nitrites are good for agriculture as they contain atoms of nitrogen and oxygen for plants to produce amino acids, but not well for aquatic life. With water containing nitrates and nitrates, algae and other plants can grow faster, as the algae die and decompose; they deplete the water of dissolved oxygen resulting death to aquatic life. Precipitation is the action or process of precipitating a substance from a solution. A precipitate is created by the reaction caused by two different solutions. A precipitate is formed is due to the solubility of the two solutions. The chemical reaction produces a solid when the two solutions, isn’t soluble also known as insoluble. Nitrate (NO3) Chlorate (ClO3) Perchlorate (ClO4) Acetate (C2H3O2) All nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, and acetates are soluble Chloride (Cl) Bromide (Br) Iodide (I) All chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble, except those of silver, mercury(I), and lead(II) Sulfate (SO42-) All sulfates are soluble except those of mercury (I), lead(II), strontium and barium (calcium sulfate is only slightly soluble) Hydroxide (OH) Sulfide (S2-) All hydroxides and sulfides are insoluble except those of calcium and strontium are slightly soluble and barium hydroxide is moderately soluble Oxide (O2-) Carbonate (CO32-) Phosphate (PO43-) Oxalate (C2O42-) All oxides, carbonates, phosphates, and oxalates are insoluble Soluble and insoluble solutions This report also aims to explain how to make water drinkable by considering the standards of drinkable water. Drinking water does not need to be completely pure to be safe. This is because water is a good solvent. Drinkable water should contain no harmful concentrations of chemicals and bacteria; they can easily be recognised from its appearance, taste or colour. Such as saltwater, the reason why saltwater is undrinkable is because the water contains different kinds of salts and other minerals and having an overdose of saltwater in the body could cause serious danger.

Essays --

The Evolution of Warrantless Searches With Alcohol, Blood, And DNA With the creation of the First Congress, framers manifested the Fourth Amendment to provide sufficient privacy standards for the citizens of the United States of America. Framers upheld the 4th Amendment to sustain a functioning government-governed relationship, where officials respect individuals’ privacy and rights. During the First Congress, framers explicitly granted, â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† to the citizens. Moreover, courts have delineated two major clauses from the primary text of the Amendment. The first clause essentially protects the privacy of an individual to be safe in person. The immediate second clause introduces a circumstance which warrants are non-essential. Furthermore, both the expectation of privacy and certain circumstances to preserve government interests have collectively emerged from the two clauses. Consequently throughout court cases in the U.S, the protections of the Fourth Amendment have resulted in disagreement explicitly concerning searches violating a person’s privacy and reasonable searches for where no warrants are required. Recently, blood and DNA extractions embody an indispensable role in modern law enforcement. The advent of blood, DNA, and other technologies are now the most significant scientific advancements in the modern era. Since the first use of forensic DNA identification in 1986, DNA’s role in ... ...forcement has utilized blood and DNA tests to exonerate suspects convicted of crimes and guide officials to convict other suspects. Furthermore, in effect of the Supreme Court cases, blood and DNA tests now promote a superior justice system more effectively and efficiently. The recent cases, which have provided many exigent circumstances where warrants are not essential for a search, have developed excelling tactics and procedures to ensure the integrity of modern law enforcement. After these cases, lower courts and law enforcement teams are now able to act quicker and responsively to enforce governmental interests. In conclusion, the trials Samson v. California, Missouri v. McNeely, and Maryland v. King have established clear boundaries for 4th Amendment and they have facilitated the advancement of efficient and applicative technology in modern law enforcement.

Brand Management Mid Term Study Guide Essay

The exam will have a mix of multiple-choice questions and short answers, with a higher total number of points for short answer questions. NOTE: Anything and everything covered in class (through lectures, discussion, articles, activities, etc. ) and/or posted on Blackboard, are potential exam material. The topics listed below can be used as a Study Guide. However, from an exam point of view, that does NOT preclude the other material covered in class. Introduction to Basic Issues: defining a brand; new challenges; the concept of brand equity; steps in the strategic brand management process. Branding Innovations and New Products: Issues in branding innovations; different options in naming a new product/innovation; becoming brand exemplars; first mover issues; reasons for new branding innovations to succeed versus fail; reasons for branding an innovation. Brands, Branding, and Meaning of Brands: Brands and competitive advantage; brand story/meaning; brands and competitive advantages; brands as signals of product quality; designing branding strategy. Brand Positioning: Defining comparative frames of reference; issues related to PoP and PoD; brand positioning; product category membership; challenges in positioning; core brand values; brand mantras. Brand Extensions and Brand Portfolios: When are brand extensions appropriate? When are they successful/unsuccessful? Advantages/disadvantages of brand extensions; key aspects of brand portfolios; criteria for cutting down brands and brand extensions from a portfolio. Managing Brands over Time: Long-term vs. short-term foci and the related strategies; revitalizing a fading brand; improving and reinforcing brand image over time. HBS Cases: You should be familiar with the concepts/principles that we discussed in class in the context of the HBS cases, such as traditional vs. non-traditional branding strategies and breakaway positioning strategy.

Animal Testing is wrong and cruel essays

Animal Testing is wrong and cruel essays Animal testing is wrong and it is cruelty to animals. Each year about five million dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, monkeys, and other animals die in lethal dose tests performed in many states around the United States. During a lethal dose test, the experimental substance is forced into the animals throats, or is pumped into their stomaches by a tube sometimes causing death by stomach rupture or from the sheer bulk of a chemical dosage. Substances are mixed in lab chows, injected under the skin, into a vein, or into the lining of the abdomen, they are often applied to the eyes, rectum, and vagina or forcebilly inhaled through a gas mask. It can be sometimes a force-fed chemical , that has chemicals applied to bare skin that has had the fur removed painfully and inhale fumes. Experimenters observe the animals reaction which include convulsions, labored breathing, diarrhea, constipation, skin eruptions, abnormal animals will die from this experiment 2 to 3 weeks later. The experiments a re performed in a lab where all the proper chemicals are set up to test the products and make sure they are safe for consumers. All this is done just so people can wear that fur coat or makeup. Does the consumers think about the poor animals who died just so they can wear them items. This issue is created when companies test their products on innocent animals. The company tests on animals making sure the chemicals in products are safe for consumers, but do they think about the sake of animals? What makes this issue worse is the companies want to make their products perfect, and people who care about animals want it to be banned. Animal testing is wrong and takes away the lives of animals just so someone can wear makeup of perfume. There is nothing positive about animal testing. The only thing is that you know when you buy the product that the product is safe for you since it was tested on a animal, but do ...

Fate and Chance as Antagonists in Romeo and Juliet essays

Fate and Chance as Antagonists in Romeo and Juliet essays In V.iii.159, Friar Laurence said, A greater power than we can contradict hath thwarted our plan. This quote sums up the reason for basically every bad event that occurred in Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet . Fate and chance are the two major elements that brought Romeo and Juliet together as lovers, but chance and fate brought them together with intent to use the lives and deaths of the two as part of a larger plan to reconcile the feuding Capulet and Montague families. Although the wrongs created by chance and fate were used to benefit this greater cause of ending the fight between the families, fate and chance should still be considered the greatest antagonists of the play. The meeting of the star-crossed pair, the deadly street fight that resulted in Romeos banishment, and the failure of the Friars letter to reach Romeo are all instances in which fate played an antagonistic role in Romeo and Juliet. Chance is an enormous factor in the beginning of the chain of events leading to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Without chance, there exists a very high likelihood that the two would have never met. By chance, Romeo got invited to and decided to attend the party. It was also chance that enabled Romeo to attend the gathering. He was simply walking down the street with his friends when he stumbled into an illiterate servant of Capulet who needed Romeos assistance in reading a guest list for the party. In exchange for his services, Romeo was given this invitation to the event (I.ii.80), My master is the great rich Capulet; and if you be not of the house of Montagues, I pray come and crush a cup of wine. Rest you merry. Also, by this same chance, Romeo decided to attend the celebration. If Benvolio had not mentioned in I.ii.84 that, At this same ancient feast of Capulets sups the fair Rosaline, then Romeo would not have had any desire to go to the party. The...

The eNotes Blog One of These Days, None of These Days Why WeProcrastinate

One of These Days, None of These Days Why WeProcrastinate The Science of Procrastination and How to Manage It Sorry everyone, I meant to post this last week Sound familiar? If youre a human being (and Im betting you are) youll have procrastinated at some point in your life. More likely, youll have procrastinated a lot in your life. But why is that? What is there in our genetic makeup that causes all of us to struggle with procrastination? The duo behind AsapSCIENCE answers that very question. Thankfully, they do so in the form of a YouTube video, which means you can procrastinate your procrastination by watching a video on how not to procrastinate Ah, the delicious irony. Though the psychological causes are still debated, theres a human tendency  to over or underestimate the value of a reward based on its temporal proximity. This is often referred to as temporal discounting. Basically, temporal discounting is a fancy explanation behind why youd rather watch that cute video of a Costa Rican sloth orphanage NOW and write that important research paper LATER. And it gets worse the further away your deadline is. Have a deadline at the end of the term, or even the school year? As it turns out, your weirdly-wired brain currently considers that exam or project of less important for being due further into the future. Human motivation is highly influenced by how imminent a reward is perceived to be, meaning the further away a reward is, the more you discount its value. This is often referred to as present bias or hyperbolic discounting. This is why students cram; you dont realize the value of a high grade until you come close enough to the time that grade will be evaluated. And more often than not, procrastinators will have acted too late to achieve the grade they really want. So theres the science of why. Now, how to keep your procrastination in check 1. How can you counteract present bias? Well, if the root of procrastination lies in the distance you are from your eventual deadline, why not bring that deadline closer? Setting smaller deadlines for yourself that line the way to your ultimate deadline is a good method to avoid last minute scrambling. 2. Immediate reward vs. future rewardso, a reward thats far off in time doesnt hold the same weight as some immediate satisfaction.   The best way to prevent the immediate reward being satisfied by  Facebook  or YouTube is to grant yourself another kind of reward. This could be a snack, a study break, or 15 minutes of browsing time. The important thing is that it has to be immediate. Telling yourself youll enjoy sweetmeats and other luxuries after you receive the grade you want is nice, but it wont stop you from procrastinating before then. 3. Related to the above, you might want to try the Pomodoro technique. This involves the use of a kitchen timer, set at 25 minutes, to improve your stamina for studying over time. You spend a little bit of time on, a little off, and in the process you gain the ability to judge the amount of time and effort youll have to put into each assigned task, thus allowing you to manage your future time more effectively. 4. And if all of that still cant peel you away from distractions, well just uninstall the internet. Seriously. Working writers do this all the time. There are even downloadable programs for it, like Concentrate and StayFocused (both for Chrome) and Leechblock (for Firefox). If you need the Internet to study, dont panic; you can use these programs to temporarily block yourself from the sites most offensive to your study time (because theres no way youre using Facebook and Pinterest to study). Furthermore, if you can practice the art of avoiding procrast Oh hey, look,  another cat video!

Sykes Enterprises Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sykes Enterprises - Case Study Example The mission of Sykes is to provide its customers with competitive rates so that it can provide its customers with the lowest rates. Sykes' strategy is to compete with the industry leaders on cost. It has to thus ensure that its operations stay profitable for it to continue its operations. Its mission and objectives are aligned with the amount of competition in the market and allows Sykes to target the same companies its competitors are targeting however, offering the lowest rates in town. There is no need to review the mission and objectives, but the strategy needs re-working. It is obvious that Sykes can take more than one action to improve its revenues and build a profitable business. The closure of its operations in India have resulted in consolidation of its costs in the United States. The competitors of Sykes have resorted to opening up call centers in South East Asian nations such as the Philippines to counter the high turnover costs and possible wage rises in Indian cities due to growing economies. One of the strategic alternatives for Sykes could be to introduce a culture of hiring fresh graduates and providing them training and binding them with contracts to serve Sykes for a period of two years. This would result in a significant drop in turnover for a temporary period. Reduction in the hiring and firing costs will result in lower running costs that will allow Sykes to offer lower rates to its customers. It would be wise for Sykes to continue its contracts with various towns and cities and gather benefits in taxation and other utilities offering employment in return. The reduction in taxes would result in a lower deductions in the revenues. The reduction would improve the profitability, though not necessarily the revenues. The current scenario asks for more involvement in the US rather than other countries. Significant cost reduction in Asian economies is no longer an onus and in countries that still offer lower operation rates, there is always the chance of high turnover costs and bad customer experiences - due to accents of offshore employees. Recommended Strategy Keeping into view the tough conditions of the economy, it would be wise for Sykes to combine the two strategies and work towards reducing its costs. Since Sykes mission and objective is reduction in costs to offer competitive rates in the industry, the two strategies could both be used to reduce the costs in order to provide highly competitive rates to corporate customers. This strategy would result in attraction of more corporate clients. However, Sykes should not close down any further call centers nor should it pursue an aggressive strategy within the US - current operations should be maintained until there is a significant rise in the profits. Implementation It would be wise for Sykes Enterprises to consider more large firms in the market other than SBC